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Ap Bio Chapter 43 Reading Guide Answers

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  1. 1. LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, Ninth EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Lectures past Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick The Immune System Chapter 43
  2. 2. Overview: Recognition and Response • Pathogens, agents that cause disease, infect a wide range of animals, including humans • The immune system recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the product of immune cells and proteins • All animals accept innate immunity, a defence active immediately upon infection • Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  3. 3. Figure 43.ane
  4. four. • Innate immunity is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of nascency • It involves nonspecific responses to pathogens • Innate immunity consists of external barriers plus internal cellular and chemical defenses © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  5. 5. • Adaptive immunity, or acquired amnesty, develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances • It involves a very specific response to pathogens © 2011 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
  6. 6. Pathogens (such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses) INNATE Amnesty (all animals) • Rapid response Recognition of traits shared by wide ranges of pathogens, using a pocket-size set of receptors • Recognition of traits specific to item pathogens, using a vast array of receptors • • Slower response Barrier defenses: Skin Mucous membranes Secretions Internal defenses: Phagocytic cells Natural killer cells Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response Humoral response: Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids. Cell-mediated response: Cytotoxic cells defend confronting infection in trunk cells. ADAPTIVE Immunity (vertebrates only) Figure 43.2
  7. seven. Concept 43.1: In innate amnesty, recognition and response rely on traits mutual to groups of pathogens • Innate immunity is found in all animals and plants • In vertebrates, innate immunity is a first response to infections and also serves as the foundation of adaptive amnesty © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  8. 8. Innate Immunity of Invertebrates • In insects, an exoskeleton made of chitin forms the get-go barrier to pathogens • The digestive system is protected past a chitin- based barrier and lysozyme, an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls • Hemocytes circulate within hemolymph and carry out phagocytosis, the ingestion and digestion of foreign substances including bacteria © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  9. nine. Figure 43.3 Pathogen PHAGOCYTIC CELL Vacuole Lysosome containing enzymes
  10. 10. • Hemocytes also secrete antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the plasma membranes of fungi and leaner © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  11. eleven. Effigy 43.4
  12. 12. • The allowed system recognizes bacteria and fungi by structures on their cell walls • An immune response varies with the class of pathogen encountered © 2011 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  13. 13. Figure 43.v Fruit wing survival after infection by N. crassa fungi Hours post-infection %survival%survival 100 75 50 25 0 24 48 72 96 120 100 75 50 25 0 24 48 72 96 120 0 0 Fruit wing survival after infection by Thousand. luteus bacteria Hours post-infection RESULTS Mutant Mutant Wild type Wild type Mutant + drosomycin Mutant + drosomycin Mutant + defensin Mutant + defensin
  14. fourteen. Figure 43.5a Fruit wing survival after infection by Northward. crassa fungi Hours mail-infection %survival 100 75 50 25 0 24 48 72 96 1200 RESULTS (part one) Mutant Wild type Mutant + drosomycin Mutant + defensin
  15. fifteen. Figure 43.5b Fruit fly survival after infection by M. luteus bacteria RESULTS (role 2) Mutant Wild type Mutant + drosomycin Mutant + defensin Hours mail service-infection %survival 100 75 50 25 0 24 48 72 96 1200
  16. 16. Innate Immunity of Vertebrates • The immune system of mammals is the all-time understood of the vertebrates • Innate defenses include barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides • Additional defenses are unique to vertebrates: natural killer cells, interferons, and the inflammatory response © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  17. 17. Barrier Defenses • Barrier defenses include the pare and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts • Fungus traps and allows for the removal of microbes • Many body fluids including saliva, fungus, and tears are hostile to many microbes • The low pH of skin and the digestive system prevents growth of many bacteria © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  18. 18. Cellular Innate Defenses • Pathogens entering the mammalian body are subject to phagocytosis • Phagocytic cells recognize groups of pathogens by TLRs, Toll-similar receptors © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  19. 19. Effigy 43.6 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID PHAGOCYTIC CELL VESICLE Lipopolysaccharide Helper protein TLR4 Flagellin TLR5 CpG Deoxyribonucleic acid ds RNA TLR9 TLR3 Innate immune responses
  20. twenty. • A white blood jail cell engulfs a microbe, then fuses with a lysosome to destroy the microbe • There are different types of phagocytic cells – Neutrophils engulf and destroy pathogens – Macrophages are found throughout the trunk – Dendritic cells stimulate development of adaptive immunity – Eosinophils discharge destructive enzymes © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  21. 21. • Cellular innate defenses in vertebrates besides involve natural killer cells • These circulate through the body and observe abnormal cells • They release chemicals leading to cell decease, inhibiting the spread of virally infected or cancerous cells • Many cellular innate defenses involve the lymphatic organization © 2011 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  22. 22. Thymus Peyer's patches (small-scale intestine) Appendix (cecum) Adenoid Tonsils Lymphatic vessels Spleen Lymph nodes Lymph node Claret capillary Interstitial fluid Tissue cells Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic vessel Masses of defensive cells Figure 43.7
  23. 23. Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins • Peptides and proteins office in innate defense past attacking pathogens or impeding their reproduction • Interferon proteins provide innate defense, interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages • About 30 proteins brand up the complement organisation, which causes lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  24. 24. Inflammatory Responses • The inflammatory response, such as pain and swelling, is brought about by molecules released upon injury of infection • Mast cells, a blazon of connective tissue, release histamine, which triggers blood vessels to dilate and go more than permeable • Activated macrophages and neutrophils release cytokines, signaling molecules that raise the immune response © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  25. 25. • Pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  26. 26. Figure 43.viii-1 Pathogen Splinter Mast cell Macro- phage Capillary Carmine claret cells Neutrophil Signaling molecules
  27. 27. Figure 43.8-2 Pathogen Splinter Mast cell Macro- phage Capillary Blood-red claret cells Neutrophil Signaling molecules Motility of fluid
  28. 28. Effigy 43.8-3 Pathogen Splinter Mast cell Macro- phage Capillary Ruddy blood cells Neutrophil Signaling molecules Movement of fluid Phagocytosis
  29. 29. • Inflammation can be either local or systemic (throughout the body) • Fever is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by pyrogens released by macrophages and by toxins from pathogens • Septic daze is a life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  30. 30. Evasion of Innate Amnesty by Pathogens • Some pathogens avoid devastation by modifying their surface to forbid recognition or past resisting breakdown following phagocytosis • Tuberculosis (TB) is one such disease and kills more than than a million people a yr © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  31. 31. Concept 43.2: In adaptive amnesty, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition • The adaptive response relies on two types of lymphocytes, or white blood cells • Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus higher up the middle are chosen T cells, and those that mature in os marrow are called B cells © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  32. 32. • Antigens are substances that can elicit a response from a B or T prison cell • Exposure to the pathogen activates B and T cells with antigen receptors specific for parts of that pathogen • The minor attainable part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor is called an epitope © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  33. 33. Figure 43.UN01 Antigen receptors Mature B cell Mature T cell
  34. 34. • B cells and T cells take receptor proteins that tin bind to foreign molecules • Each individual lymphocyte is specialized to recognize a specific type of molecule © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  35. 35. Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies • Each B cell antigen receptor is a Y-shaped molecule with two identical heavy bondage and 2 identical light bondage • The constant regions of the chains vary little among B cells, whereas the variable regions differ greatly • The variable regions provide antigen specificity © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  36. 36. Cytoplasm of B cell Antigen- binding site B cell antigen receptor B cell Low-cal concatenation Disulfide bridge Antigen- binding site Variable regions Constant regions Transmembrane region Heavy chains Plasma membrane C C C C V V V 5 Figure 43.9
  37. 37. • Bounden of a B cell antigen receptor to an antigen is an early step in B cell activation • This gives rise to cells that secrete a soluble grade of the protein chosen an antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) • Secreted antibodies are like to B cell receptors simply lack transmembrane regions that anchor receptors in the plasma membrane © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  38. 38. Figure 43.10 Antibody Antigen receptor B prison cell Antigen Epitope Pathogen (a) B cell antigen receptors and antibodies Antibiotic C Antibody B Antibiotic A Antigen (b) Antigen receptor specificity
  39. 39. Effigy 43.10a AntibodyAntigen receptor B cell Antigen Epitope Pathogen (a) B cell antigen receptors and antibodies
  40. 40. Figure 43.10b Antibody C Antibody B Antibody A Antigen (b) Antigen receptor specificity
  41. 41. • Each T cell receptor consists of two different polypeptide chains (called α and β) • The tips of the chain course a variable (Five) region; the rest is a abiding (C) region • T cell and B cell antigen receptors are functionally dissimilar © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Antigen Recognition by T Cells
  42. 42. © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Video: T Jail cell Receptors
  43. 43. T jail cell antigen receptor T cell Cytoplasm of T cell Plasma membrane β chainα chain Disulfide bridge Antigen- binding site Variable regions Constant regions Transmembrane region V V C C Figure 43.11
  44. 44. • T cells bind to antigen fragments displayed or presented on a host cell • These antigen fragments are spring to cell- surface proteins chosen MHC molecules • MHC (major histocompatibility circuitous) molecules are host proteins that brandish the antigen fragments on the jail cell surface © 2011 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.
  45. 45. • In infected cells, MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface, a process called antigen presentation • A T cell tin then bind both the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule • This interaction is necessary for the T prison cell to participate in the adaptive immune response © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  46. 46. Effigy 43.12 Displayed antigen fragment MHC molecule Antigen fragment Pathogen Host cell T prison cell T cell antigen receptor (a) Antigen recognition past a T prison cell (b) A closer look at antigen presentation Antigen fragment MHC molecule Host jail cell Meridian view
  47. 47. Displayed antigen fragment MHC molecule Antigen fragment Pathogen Host cell T cell T jail cell antigen receptor (a) Antigen recognition by a T prison cell Figure 43.12a
  48. 48. Effigy 43.12b (b) A closer look at antigen presentation Antigen fragment MHC molecule Host cell Elevation view
  49. 49. B Prison cell and T Cell Development • The adaptive immune system has four major characteristics – Diversity of lymphocytes and receptors – Self-tolerance; lack of reactivity against an animate being'southward own molecules – B and T cells proliferate after activation – Immunological memory © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  50. 50. Generation of B and T Cell Diversity • By combining variable elements, the immune system assembles a various variety of antigen receptors • The immunoglobulin (Ig) gene encodes 1 concatenation of the B prison cell receptor • Many different chains can be produced from the same gene past rearrangement of the DNA • Rearranged DNA is transcribed and translated and the antigen receptor formed © 2011 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  51. 51. Deoxyribonucleic acid of undifferentiated B prison cell DNA of differentiated B cell Recombination deletes Dna betwixt randomly selected V segment and J segment Functional factor Transcription RNA processing Translation pre-mRNA mRNA Low-cal-concatenation polypeptide Antigen receptor B cell Variable region Constant region 2 3 iv 1 Poly-A tailCap V39 J5 J5 V39 V37 V38 V39 V37 V38 V39 V40 J5 J5 J4J3J2J1 Intron Intron 5 C C C C C C C C C V VV V Intron Figure 43.13
  52. 52. Origin of Self-Tolerance • Antigen receptors are generated by random rearrangement of Deoxyribonucleic acid • As lymphocytes mature in os marrow or the thymus, they are tested for cocky-reactivity • Some B and T cells with receptors specific for the trunk'southward own molecules are destroyed past apoptosis, or programmed cell death • The remainder are rendered nonfunctional © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  53. 53. Proliferation of B Cells and T Cells • In the body there are few lymphocytes with antigen receptors for any detail epitope • In the lymph nodes, an antigen is exposed to a steady stream of lymphocytes until a lucifer is made • This binding of a mature lymphocyte to an antigen initiates events that activate the lymphocyte © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  54. 54. • Once activated, a B or T cell undergoes multiple cell divisions • This proliferation of lymphocytes is called clonal selection • Two types of clones are produced: short-lived activated effector cells that act immediately against the antigen and long-lived memory cells that can requite rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  55. 55. Antigen Antigen receptor Antibody Plasma cellsMemory cells B cells that differ in antigen specificity Figure 43.fourteen
  56. 56. • Immunological retentiveness is responsible for long- term protections against diseases, due to either a prior infection or vaccination • The first exposure to a specific antigen represents the primary immune response • During this time, selected B and T cells give rise to their effector forms • In the secondary allowed response, retentivity cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Animation: Role of B Cells Immunological Retention
  57. 57. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Office of B Cells Right-click slide / select "Play"
  58. 58. Main immune response to antigen A produces antibodies to A. Secondary immune response to antigen A produces antibodies to A; primary immune response to antigen B produces antibodies to B. Exposure to antigen A Exposure to antigens A and B Time (days) Antibodyconcentration (arbitraryunits) 104 103 102 101 100 0 vii xiv 21 28 35 42 49 56 Antibodies to A Antibodies to B Figure 43.xv
  59. 59. Concept 43.iii: Adaptive amnesty defends against infection of body fluids and body cells • Acquired amnesty has two branches: the humoral allowed response and the cell-mediated immune response • In the humoral immune response antibodies aid neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph • In the cell-mediated immune response specialized T cells destroy afflicted host cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  60. 60. Helper T Cells: A Response to Nearly All Antigens • A type of T cell called a helper t cell triggers both the humoral and cell-mediated allowed responses • Signals from helper T cells initiate production of antibodies that neutralize pathogens and actuate T cells that kill infected cells • Antigen-presenting cells have class I and class II MHC molecules on their surfaces © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  61. 61. • Course 2 MHC molecules are the basis upon which antigen-presenting cells are recognized • Antigen receptors on the surface of helper T cells bind to the antigen and the class II MHC molecule; then signals are exchanged betwixt the two cells • The helper T cell is activated, proliferates, and forms a clone of helper T cells, which and so activate the appropriate B cells © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Helper T Cells
  62. 62. © 2011 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Animation: Helper T Cells Right-click slide / select "Play"
  63. 63. Figure 43.16 Antigen- presenting cell Pathogen Antigen fragment Class Two MHC molecule Accessory protein Antigen receptor Helper T cell Cytokines Humoral immunity Jail cell- mediated amnesty B cell Cytotoxic T cell 3 two one + + + +
  64. 64. Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Cells • Cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells in the cell-mediated allowed response • Cytotoxic T cells recognize fragments of foreign proteins produced by infected cells and possess an accessory poly peptide that binds to course I MHC molecules • The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes proteins that disrupt the membranes of target cells and trigger apoptosis © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Cytotoxic T Cells
  65. 65. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blitheness: Cytotoxic T Cells Correct-click slide / select "Play"
  66. 66. Figure 43.17-1 Cytotoxic T cell 1 Accessory poly peptide Class I MHC molecule Infected jail cell Antigen receptor Antigen fragment
  67. 67. Effigy 43.17-2 Cytotoxic T cell one 2 Accessory protein Form I MHC molecule Infected cell Antigen receptor Antigen fragment Perforin Pore Gran- zymes
  68. 68. Figure 43.17-3 Cytotoxic T cell 31 ii Accessory protein Class I MHC molecule Infected cell Antigen receptor Antigen fragment Perforin Pore Gran- zymes Released cytotoxic T jail cell Dying infected cell
  69. 69. B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens • The humoral response is characterized by secretion of antibodies by B cells © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  70. 70. Activation of B Cells • Activation of the humoral immune response involves B cells and helper T cells as well as proteins on the surface of pathogens • In response to cytokines from helper T cells and an antigen, a B cell proliferates and differentiates into memory B cells and antibody secreting effector cells chosen plasma cells © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
  71. 71. Figure 43.18-one Pathogen 1 Antigen-presenting jail cell Antigen fragment Grade II MHC molecule Antigen receptor Accessory poly peptide Helper T cell
  72. 72. Figure 43.xviii-2 Pathogen 1 2 Antigen-presenting cell Antigen fragment Class Ii MHC molecule Antigen receptor Accessory protein Helper T jail cell B jail cell Cytokines Activated helper T cell +
  73. 73. Figure 43.18-3 Pathogen 31 two Antigen-presenting cell Antigen fragment Class II MHC molecule Antigen receptor Accessory protein Helper T jail cell B cell Cytokines Activated helper T cell Retentivity B cells Plasma cells Secreted antibodies +
  74. 74. Antibiotic Function • Antibodies do not kill pathogens; instead they mark pathogens for devastation • In neutralization, antibodies bind to viral surface proteins preventing infection of a host prison cell • Antibodies may also bind to toxins in torso fluids and prevent them from entering body cells © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
  75. 75. • In opsonization, antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria creating a target for macrophages or neutrophils, triggering phagocytosis • Antigen-antibody complexes may bind to a complement protein—which triggers a cascade of complement protein activation • Ultimately a membrane attack complex forms a pore in the membrane of the strange cell, leading to its lysis © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  76. 76. Figure 43.19 OpsonizationNeutralization Antibody Virus Bacterium Macrophage Activation of complement system and pore formation Complement proteins Formation of membrane set on complex Flow of water and ions Pore AntigenForeign cell
  77. 77. Figure 43.19a Neutralization Antibiotic Virus
  78. 78. Effigy 43.19b Opsonization Bacterium Macrophage
  79. 79. Effigy 43.19c Activation of complement system and pore germination Complement proteins Formation of membrane attack circuitous Catamenia of h2o and ions Pore AntigenForeign prison cell
  80. lxxx. • B cells can express v different forms (or classes) of immunoglobulin (Ig) with similar antigen-binding specificity just different heavy chain C regions – IgD: Membrane bound – IgM: Get-go soluble course produced – IgG: 2nd soluble class; about arable – IgA and IgE: Remaining soluble classes © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  81. 81. • Both the humoral and jail cell-mediated responses can include master and secondary immune response • Memory cells enable the secondary response © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of the Humoral and Cell- Mediated Allowed Responses
  82. 82. Active and Passive Immunization • Active immunity develops naturally when memory cells form clones in response to an infection • Information technology tin can also develop following immunization, also called vaccination • In immunization, a nonpathogenic grade of a microbe or part of a microbe elicits an immune response to an immunological retentivity © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  83. 83. • Passive immunity provides immediate, short-term protection • It is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk • Information technology tin be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into a nonimmune person © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  84. 84. Humoral (antibiotic-mediated) immune response Cell-mediated immune response Antigen (1st exposure) Engulfed past Antigen- presenting cell Helper T jail cell Retentiveness helper T cells Antigen (2nd exposure) B cell Plasma cells Secreted antibodies Defend confronting extracellular pathogens Retention B cells Memory cytotoxic T cells Active cytotoxic T cells Defend against intracellular pathogens and cancer Cytotoxic T jail cell Cardinal Stimulates Gives rise to + ++ + + + + + + + Figure 43.twenty
  85. 85. Effigy 43.20a Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response Jail cell-mediated immune response Antigen (1st exposure) Engulfed past Antigen- presenting prison cell Helper T cellB cell Cytotoxic T prison cell Key Stimulates Gives rising to + + + + + + +
  86. 86. Figure 43.20b Helper T prison cell Memory helper T cells Antigen (2nd exposure) B jail cell Plasma cells Secreted antibodies Defend against extracellular pathogens Memory B cells Memory cytotoxic T cells Active cytotoxic T cells Defend against intracellular pathogens and cancer Cytotoxic T cell+ + + + + +
  87. 87. Antibodies as Tools • Antibiotic specificity and antigen-antibody binding has been harnessed in research, diagnosis, and therapy • Polyclonal antibodies, produced following exposure to a microbial antigen, are products of many different clones of plasma cells, each specific for a different epitope • Monoclonal antibodies are prepared from a single clone of B cells grown in culture © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  88. 88. Figure 43.21 Endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cell two µm
  89. 89. Immune Rejection • Cells transferred from one person to another can be attacked by allowed defenses • This complicates blood transfusions or the transplant of tissues or organs © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
  90. 90. Blood Groups • Antigens on cerise blood cells determine whether a person has blood type A (A antigen), B (B antigen), AB (both A and B antigens), or O (neither antigen) • Antibodies to nonself claret types exist in the torso • Transfusion with incompatible blood leads to destruction of the transfused cells • Recipient-donor combinations can be fatal or safe © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  91. 91. Tissue and Organ Transplants • MHC molecules are dissimilar amongst genetically nonidentical individuals • Differences in MHC molecules stimulate rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  92. 92. • Chances of successful transplantation increase if donor and recipient MHC tissue types are well matched • Immunosuppressive drugs facilitate transplantation • Lymphocytes in os marrow transplants may cause the donor tissue to reject the recipient © 2011 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  93. 93. Concept 43.4: Disruptions in immune system function can arm-twist or exacerbate disease • Some pathogens take evolved to diminish the effectiveness of host allowed responses © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  94. 94. Exaggerated, Cocky-Directed, and Macerated Allowed Responses • If the delicate balance of the immune system is disrupted, effects range from minor to sometimes fatal © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  95. 95. Allergies • Allergies are exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to antigens called allergens • In localized allergies such as hay fever, IgE antibodies produced later first exposure to an allergen adhere to receptors on mast cells © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  96. 96. Effigy 43.22 IgE Allergen Histamine Granule Mast cell
  97. 97. • The adjacent time the allergen enters the body, it binds to mast cell–associated IgE molecules • Mast cells release histamine and other mediators that cause vascular changes leading to typical allergy symptoms • An astute allergic response can pb to anaphylactic shock, a life-threatening reaction, within seconds of allergen exposure © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  98. 98. Autoimmune Diseases • In individuals with autoimmune diseases, the allowed arrangement loses tolerance for cocky and turns against certain molecules of the body • Autoimmune diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis © 2011 Pearson Didactics, Inc.
  99. 99. Effigy 43.23
  100. 100. Exertion, Stress, and the Immune Arrangement • Moderate exercise improves allowed system function • Psychological stress has been shown to disrupt immune system regulation by altering the interactions of the hormonal, nervous, and allowed systems • Sufficient rest is too important for amnesty © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  101. 101. Immunodeficiency Diseases • Inborn immunodeficiency results from hereditary or developmental defects that prevent proper functioning of innate, humoral, and/or cell-mediated defenses • Acquired immunodeficiency develops afterward in life and results from exposure to chemic and biological agents • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is acquired by a virus © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  102. 102. Evolutionary Adaptations of Pathogens That Underlie Immune System Avoidance • Pathogens have evolved mechanisms to thwart immune responses © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  103. 103. Antigenic Variation • Through antigenic variation, some pathogens are able to change epitope expression and prevent recognition • The man influenza virus mutates speedily, and new influenza vaccines must be fabricated each year • Human viruses occasionally commutation genes with the viruses of domesticated animals • This poses a danger every bit human immune systems are unable to recognize the new viral strain © 2011 Pearson Teaching, Inc.
  104. 104. Figure 43.24 Weeks after infection Antibodies to variant i appear Antibodies to variant 2 appear Antibodies to variant three appear Millionsofparasites permLofblood 1.v 1.0 0.5 0 25 26 27 28 Variant one Variant ii Variant 3
  105. 105. Latency • Some viruses may remain in a host in an inactive land called latency • Herpes simplex viruses can be present in a human host without causing symptoms © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  106. 106. Set on on the Immune Organization: HIV • Homo immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects helper T cells • The loss of helper T cells impairs both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and leads to AIDS • HIV eludes the immune system considering of antigenic variation and an ability to remain latent while integrated into host DNA © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blitheness: HIV Reproductive Cycle
  107. 107. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: HIV Reproductive Cycle Right-click slide / select "Play"
  108. 108. Latency AIDS Helper T prison cell concentration Years after untreated infection HelperTcellconcentration (inblood(cells/mm3 ) Relative anti-HIV antibody concentration Relative HIV concentration 800 600 400 200 0 0 1 ii 3 4 v six seven 8 9 10 Figure 43.25
  109. 109. • People with AIDS are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers that accept advantage of an allowed arrangement in plummet • The spread of HIV is a worldwide problem • The best approach for slowing this spread is educational activity about practices that transmit the virus © 2011 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.
  110. 110. Cancer and Immunity • The frequency of sure cancers increases when adaptive immunity is impaired • 20% of all human cancers involve viruses • The immune system tin can act every bit a defence against viruses that cause cancer and cancer cells that harbor viruses • In 2006, a vaccine was released that acts against homo papillomavirus (HPV), a virus associated with cervical cancer © 2011 Pearson Instruction, Inc.
  111. 111. Effigy 43.26
  112. 112. Stem cell Cell division and factor rearrangement Elimination of self-reactive B cells Clonal choice Antigen Antibody Formation of activated cell populations Retentivity B cells Plasma cells Pathogen Receptors bind to antigens Figure 43.UN02
  113. 113. Figure 43.UN03

  • Figure 43.1 How do an animal's immune cells recognize strange cells?
  • Figure 43.2 Overview of animal immunity.
  • Figure 43.3 Phagocytosis.
  • Figure 43.iv An inducible innate immune response.
  • Figure 43.5 Inquiry: Tin a unmarried antimicrobial peptide protect fruit flies confronting infection?
  • Effigy 43.5 Enquiry: Can a unmarried antimicrobial peptide protect fruit flies confronting infection?
  • Figure 43.v Inquiry: Tin can a single antimicrobial peptide protect fruit flies confronting infection?
  • Figure 43.6 TLR signaling.
  • Figure 43.vii The human lymphatic system.
  • Figure 43.8 Major events in a local inflammatory response.
  • Effigy 43.8 Major events in a local inflammatory response.
  • Effigy 43.viii Major events in a local inflammatory response.
  • Figure 43.UN01 In-text figure, p. 935
  • Effigy 43.9 The construction of a B cell antigen receptor.
  • Effigy 43.10 Antigen recognition by B cells and antibodies.
  • Figure 43.10 Antigen recognition by B cells and antibodies.
  • Figure 43.10 Antigen recognition by B cells and antibodies.
  • Figure 43.11 The structure of a T cell antigen receptor.
  • Figure 43.12 Antigen recognition by T cells.
  • Effigy 43.12 Antigen recognition by T cells.
  • Figure 43.12 Antigen recognition by T cells.
  • Figure 43.13 Immunoglobulin (antibiotic) cistron rearrangement.
  • Effigy 43.14 Clonal selection.
  • Effigy 43.xv The specificity of immunological memory.
  • Figure 43.sixteen The fundamental office of helper T cells in humoral and jail cell-mediated allowed responses.
  • Figure 43.17 The killing action of cytotoxic T cells on an infected host cell.
  • Figure 43.17 The killing activeness of cytotoxic T cells on an infected host cell.
  • Figure 43.17 The killing activity of cytotoxic T cells on an infected host prison cell.
  • Figure 43.xviii Activation of a B cell in the humoral immune response.
  • Figure 43.eighteen Activation of a B cell in the humoral immune response.
  • Figure 43.18 Activation of a B cell in the humoral immune response.
  • Figure 43.19 Antibiotic-mediated mechanisms of antigen disposal.
  • Figure 43.19 Antibody-mediated mechanisms of antigen disposal.
  • Figure 43.19 Antibody-mediated mechanisms of antigen disposal.
  • Figure 43.nineteen Antibody-mediated mechanisms of antigen disposal.
  • Figure 43.twenty An overview of the adaptive allowed response.
  • Figure 43.20 An overview of the adaptive immune response.
  • Effigy 43.20 An overview of the adaptive immune response.
  • Figure 43.21 A plasma prison cell.
  • Figure 43.22 Mast cells, IgE, and the allergic response.
  • Figure 43.23 X-ray of hands deformed past rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Effigy 43.24 Antigenic variation in the parasite that causes sleeping sickness.
  • Figure 43.25 The progress of an untreated HIV infection.
  • Effigy 43.26 Bear upon: Vaccinating Against Cervical Cancer
  • Figure 43.UN02 Summary figure, Concept 43.2
  • Effigy 43.UN03 Appendix A: answer to Test Your Understanding, question viii

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